The Antibiotic Aftermath: How Your Last Prescription Could Be Fueling Chronic Inflammation Years Later
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Did you know that the antibiotics you took months or even years ago could still be affecting your health today and causing chronic inflammation? 💊😰
While antibiotics have saved countless lives since their discovery, we’re now learning that these powerful medications come with a hidden cost—one that many providers fail to mention when writing prescriptions. The connection between antibiotics and chronic inflammation is one of the most significant health discoveries of recent decades, yet most people remain completely unaware of it.
If you’ve been struggling with persistent health issues—chronic inflammation, autoimmune symptoms, allergies, skin problems, or digestive distress—your gut microbiome disruption from past antibiotic use might be the missing piece of the puzzle. 🧩
The Antibiotic Paradox: Life-Savers That Harm Your Long-Term Health 🎭
Antibiotics are among the most prescribed medications worldwide. In the United States alone, about 270 million antibiotic prescriptions are written annually—that’s nearly one prescription for every person in the country (Hicks et al., 2015). ✨
These medications are designed to kill bacteria, and they do their job incredibly well. The problem? They can’t distinguish between harmful bacteria causing your infection and the beneficial bacteria that make up your gut microbiome—the complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms that regulate your immune system, produce vitamins, protect against disease, and much more.
When you take antibiotics, you’re essentially dropping a bomb on your gut microbiome. And the fallout from that bomb can last far longer than anyone realized. 💥
Your Gut Microbiome: The Foundation of Health You’re Unknowingly Destroying 🌐
Before we explore how antibiotics trigger chronic inflammation, let’s understand what you’re losing when your microbiome is disrupted.
Your gut contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria representing over 1,000 different species. This microbial community:
- Trains your immune system: 70-80% of your immune system resides in your gut (Vighi et al., 2008)
- Produces essential nutrients: B vitamins, vitamin K, and short-chain fatty acids
- Regulates inflammation: Produces anti-inflammatory compounds and keeps pro-inflammatory pathways in check
- Protects against pathogens: Beneficial bacteria outcompete harmful organisms
- Maintains gut barrier integrity: Prevents leaky gut and systemic inflammation
- Communicates with your brain: Influences mood, cognition, and mental health through the gut-brain axis 🧠
As we explored in our comprehensive guide to digestive issues, your gut health is the foundation of your overall wellbeing. When antibiotics disrupt this delicate ecosystem, the consequences ripple throughout your entire body.
How Antibiotics Trigger Chronic Inflammation: The Mechanisms Explained 🔬
1. Microbiome Devastation and Loss of Diversity 🦠
When you take a course of antibiotics, the immediate impact on your gut bacteria is dramatic and devastating.
Research shows that:
- A single course of antibiotics can reduce bacterial diversity by 25-50% (Dethlefsen & Relman, 2011)
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics like clindamycin can wipe out nearly 90% of gut bacteria within days
- Some bacterial species may never return after antibiotic exposure
- Recovery—if it happens—can take months to years
One landmark study found that even six months after taking antibiotics, participants still showed significant differences in their gut microbiome composition compared to those who hadn’t taken antibiotics (Jernberg et al., 2007). 😱
This loss of diversity is particularly problematic because:
- Beneficial bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds are reduced
- Opportunistic pathogens can colonize the vacant ecological niches
- The remaining bacteria may have altered gene expression and function
- Critical metabolic pathways are disrupted
2. Dysbiosis: When the Bad Guys Take Over 👾
Nature abhors a vacuum. When antibiotics eliminate beneficial bacteria, harmful organisms quickly move in to fill the space.
Common Post-Antibiotic Opportunistic Infections:
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff): This dangerous pathogen causes severe diarrhea, inflammation, and can be life-threatening. Antibiotic use is the primary risk factor, with some antibiotics increasing risk by up to 20-fold (Brown et al., 2013). 🚨
Candida Overgrowth: Yeast naturally present in small amounts can proliferate unchecked when beneficial bacteria that normally keep them in check are eliminated. This leads to:
- Digestive issues (bloating, gas, irregular bowel movements)
- Vaginal yeast infections
- Oral thrush
- Systemic inflammation
- Brain fog and fatigue 🧠😴
Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens: Species like Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and pathogenic E. coli strains can dominate the post-antibiotic gut environment.
This dysbiotic state creates persistent low-grade inflammation as your immune system constantly battles these opportunistic organisms. Unlike acute inflammation that resolves once healing occurs, this chronic inflammation persists and damages tissues throughout your body. 💥
3. Destruction of Anti-Inflammatory Bacteria 🛡️
Your gut is home to specialized bacteria that actively produce anti-inflammatory compounds. These microbial peacekeepers are often highly sensitive to antibiotics.
Key Anti-Inflammatory Species Lost:
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii: This bacterium produces butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that:
- Nourishes colonocytes (cells lining your colon)
- Reduces gut inflammation
- Maintains intestinal barrier integrity
- Regulates immune responses
Studies show that depletion of F. prausnitzii is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and various chronic inflammatory conditions (Sokol et al., 2008). Antibiotics—especially beta-lactams—can drastically reduce or eliminate this crucial species. 😰
Bifidobacterium species: These beneficial bacteria produce acetate and lactate, help maintain gut barrier function, and modulate immune responses. Their loss contributes to increased intestinal permeability and inflammation. Can be purchased here: Designs For Health- Probiotic Synergy (Bifidobacterium longum)
Butyrate-Producing Bacteria: Multiple bacterial species produce butyrate, and antibiotics can wipe out entire functional guilds of these organisms. Lower butyrate levels are directly linked to increased inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction, and chronic disease (Parada Venegas et al., 2019).
4. Increased Intestinal Permeability (Leaky Gut) 🕳️
Antibiotics compromise your intestinal barrier through multiple pathways:
Direct Effects: Some antibiotics have toxic effects on intestinal epithelial cells, causing cell damage and death.
Indirect Effects Through Microbiome Disruption:
- Loss of butyrate-producing bacteria deprives colonocytes of their primary fuel source
- Reduced mucus production weakens the protective barrier
- Decreased production of antimicrobial peptides
- Altered tight junction protein expression
When your gut becomes “leaky,” the consequences are severe:
- Bacterial components (like lipopolysaccharides or LPS) enter your bloodstream 💉
- Food particles trigger immune reactions
- Your immune system becomes hyperactivated
- Chronic systemic inflammation develops
- Autoimmune conditions may be triggered or worsened
Research has demonstrated that LPS in the bloodstream—called metabolic endotoxemia—drives chronic inflammation linked to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative conditions (Cani et al., 2007). 🚨
5. Immune System Dysregulation 🎯
Your gut bacteria don’t just coexist with your immune system—they actively train and regulate it.
How Antibiotics Impair Immune Function:
Loss of Immune Training: Beneficial bacteria teach your immune cells to distinguish between harmless and harmful substances. Without this training:
- Your immune system may overreact to benign substances (allergies)
- It may attack your own tissues (autoimmunity)
- It may under-react to actual threats (increased infection susceptibility)
Imbalanced T-cell Responses: Antibiotics shift the balance between different T-helper cell populations, favoring pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 responses over regulatory T-cells (Tregs) that control inflammation (Russell et al., 2012).
Impaired Tolerance: Your gut microbiome helps maintain oral tolerance—your immune system’s ability to remain calm in the presence of food proteins and commensal bacteria. Antibiotic disruption can break this tolerance, leading to food sensitivities and inflammatory responses to normal gut inhabitants.
Studies show that children who receive multiple courses of antibiotics have significantly higher rates of:
- Asthma and allergies 🤧
- Eczema and atopic dermatitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Type 1 diabetes
- Obesity and metabolic disorders (Aversa et al., 2021)
6. Metabolic Inflammation and Weight Gain ⚖️
The connection between antibiotics and metabolic dysfunction is particularly concerning.
Antibiotics alter your microbiome in ways that:
- Increase energy extraction from food: Certain bacterial populations are more efficient at extracting calories
- Promote fat storage: Dysbiotic bacteria produce metabolites that signal fat cells to store more energy
- Cause insulin resistance: Changes in short-chain fatty acid production affect insulin sensitivity
- Trigger metabolic endotoxemia: LPS leaking from the gut drives metabolic inflammation
Research shows that antibiotic exposure—especially early in life—is associated with:
- Increased body mass index (BMI)
- Higher obesity risk
- Metabolic syndrome
- Type 2 diabetes risk (Trasande et al., 2013) 😰
Interestingly, the livestock industry has known this for decades—low-dose antibiotics are routinely given to farm animals specifically because they cause weight gain! 🐄
The Long-Term Impact: Chronic Conditions Linked to Antibiotic Use 📊
The inflammation and immune dysfunction caused by antibiotic-induced dysbiosis doesn’t just cause temporary digestive upset—it can contribute to serious chronic conditions:
Autoimmune Diseases 🎭
Multiple studies have linked antibiotic use to increased risk of:
- Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Type 1 diabetes
- Multiple sclerosis
- Psoriasis
The connection makes sense: when your gut barrier is compromised and your immune system is dysregulated, the stage is set for autoimmune reactions. As we discussed in our article on why your body won’t bounce back, gut health is fundamental to your body’s ability to maintain immune balance and heal properly. 💪
Allergic and Atopic Conditions 🤧
- Asthma
- Allergic rhinitis
- Food allergies
- Eczema
- Chronic urticaria (hives)
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease ❤️
- Obesity
- Type 2 diabetes
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Atherosclerosis
- Hypertension
Mental Health Disorders 🧠
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Brain fog
- Cognitive decline
The gut-brain axis means that inflammation in your gut can directly affect your mental health through various pathways including vagus nerve signaling, inflammatory cytokines, and altered neurotransmitter production.
Digestive Disorders 💨
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
- Chronic bloating and gas
- Food intolerances
Sound familiar? These are the same issues we explored in our comprehensive guide to common digestive problems—and antibiotics are a major underlying cause that often goes unrecognized! 🎯
Not All Antibiotics Are Created Equal: Which Ones Cause the Most Damage? ⚠️
While all antibiotics disrupt your microbiome to some degree, certain classes cause more extensive and long-lasting damage:
Highest Risk Antibiotics:
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin)
- Broad-spectrum with extensive microbiome disruption
- Long-lasting effects on gut bacteria
- Associated with mitochondrial damage
- Should be reserved for serious infections only
Clindamycin
- Extremely high risk for C. diff infection (up to 20% risk)
- Devastating to beneficial anaerobic bacteria
- Can cause severe, persistent dysbiosis
Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime)
- Kill wide range of bacteria including many beneficial species
- Significant disruption to microbiome diversity
Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin)
- Moderate to high impact on gut bacteria
- Effects can persist for months
Lower Risk (But Still Significant):
Penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin)
- Moderate microbiome disruption
- Generally better tolerated
- Still cause dysbiosis and inflammation
Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
- Variable impact depending on dose and duration
The bottom line? Even “milder” antibiotics disrupt your microbiome and can trigger chronic inflammation, especially with repeated use. 💊
Are Your Symptoms Actually Antibiotic Aftermath? 🔍
Many people suffer from chronic inflammation and don’t realize it’s connected to past antibiotic use. Consider whether you’ve experienced:
Timeline Questions:
- Did your health problems begin during or shortly after taking antibiotics? ⏰
- Have you taken multiple courses of antibiotics in your life?
- Were you given antibiotics frequently as a child?
- Did you experience immediate digestive issues after antibiotics that never fully resolved?
Current Symptoms:
- Persistent digestive issues (bloating, irregular bowel movements, food sensitivities) 💨
- Chronic fatigue that won’t improve
- Recurrent yeast infections or fungal issues
- Brain fog and concentration problems 🧠
- Skin issues (acne, eczema, rashes)
- Joint pain and muscle aches
- Frequent infections or weakened immunity
- Mood changes (depression, anxiety)
- Unexplained weight gain
- New allergies or asthma
If you answered yes to several of these, antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption may be driving your chronic inflammation. 🎯
Prevention: Smart Antibiotic Use 💡
The best way to avoid antibiotic-induced chronic inflammation is to use antibiotics only when truly necessary:
When Antibiotics Are Needed:
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Bacterial meningitis
- Serious bacterial infections (sepsis, pyelonephritis)
- Some sexually transmitted infections
- Bacterial skin infections that aren’t improving
When Antibiotics Are Typically NOT Needed:
- Common colds (viral)
- Flu (viral) 🤧
- Most sore throats (90% are viral)
- Bronchitis (usually viral)
- Most sinus infections (many resolve without antibiotics)
- Ear infections (many resolve on their own, especially in adults)
Key Questions to Ask Your Doctor:
- Is this definitely a bacterial infection?
- Could we wait 2-3 days to see if it resolves on its own?
- Can we do testing to confirm a bacterial infection or rule out a viral infection?
- What’s the narrowest-spectrum antibiotic that would work?
- What’s the shortest effective treatment duration?
Remember: about 30% of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary (Fleming-Dutra et al., 2016). Don’t be afraid to ask questions! 💪
Healing Your Gut After Antibiotic Use: A Comprehensive Recovery Plan 🌱
If you’ve taken antibiotics, your microbiome needs intentional restoration. The good news? With the right approach, you can rebuild a healthy gut ecosystem and reduce chronic inflammation.
Phase 1: During Antibiotic Treatment (If Currently Taking)
Take Probiotics Take probiotics at least 2-3 hours away from your antibiotic dose. Research shows this can reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea by 42-64% (Goldenberg et al., 2013). Focus on:
- Saccharomyces boulardii (a beneficial yeast resistant to antibiotics)
- Multi-strain probiotic blends (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species)
Top recommended prebiotic formulas can be found here:
Designs For Health- FloraMyces (saccharomyces boulardii probiotic)
Designs For Health- Probiotic Synergy (Bifidobacterium longum)
Support Your Gut Lining
- L-glutamine (5-10g daily)
- Bone broth or collagen peptides
- Aloe vera juice 🌿
Leaky Gut Healing Protocol can be purchased here:
Designs For Health- GastroMend HP (zinc carnosine)
Designs for Health-OmegAvail TG1000
Stay Hydrated Drink plenty of water to help flush toxins and support overall gut function. 💧
Phase 2: Immediately Post-Antibiotics (Weeks 1-4)
Aggressive Probiotic Reseeding 🦠
- High-dose multi-strain probiotics (50-100 billion CFUs)
- S. boulardii to prevent C. diff and yeast overgrowth
- Soil-based organisms (Bacillus species)
- Rotate different probiotic formulas
Add Prebiotics Feed your beneficial bacteria with prebiotic fibers:
- Inulin, FOS, GOS
- Resistant starch (cooled potatoes, green bananas)
- Diverse plant fibers from vegetables and fruits 🥗
Consider Postbiotics As we explored in our article on postbiotics, these beneficial bacterial metabolites can support gut healing even when your microbiome is severely depleted. They’re particularly valuable in the immediate post-antibiotic period. ✨
My top recommended postbiotic can be found here:
Anti-Inflammatory Support
- Omega-3 fatty acids (2-3g daily)
- Curcumin
- Quercetin
- Green tea extract 🍵
Designs for Health-OmegAvail TG1000
Phase 3: Rebuilding and Rebalancing (Months 2-6)
Diversify Your Diet 🌈 Aim to eat 30+ different plant foods per week. Diversity in your diet promotes diversity in your microbiome.
Focus on Fermented Foods Daily consumption of fermented foods provides beneficial bacteria and bioactive compounds:
- Sauerkraut and kimchi
- Kefir (dairy or coconut)
- Kombucha
- Miso
- Tempeh
- Natural yogurt 🥛
Continue Probiotic Support Reduce to maintenance doses of probiotics (10-25 billion CFUs) but continue indefinitely.
Polyphenol-Rich Foods These plant compounds feed beneficial bacteria and have anti-inflammatory effects:
- Berries (especially blueberries and blackberries) 🫐
- Green tea (my all-time FAVORITE Green Tea can be found here!!!) The Republic of Tea-Double Green Matcha Tea
- Dark chocolate (70%+ cacao)
- Extra virgin olive oil
- Red wine (in moderation)
- Colorful vegetables
Lifestyle Factors
- Manage stress (chronic stress harms your microbiome) 🧘♀️
- Get adequate sleep (7-9 hours)
- Exercise regularly (promotes beneficial bacteria)
- Spend time in nature
- Avoid unnecessary antibacterial products
Phase 4: Long-Term Maintenance (6+ Months)
Continue Supporting Diversity
- Maintain varied, plant-rich diet 🥗
- Rotate probiotic supplements
- Include fermented foods regularly
- Minimize processed foods and added sugars
Address Underlying Inflammation
- Identify and eliminate food sensitivities
- Manage chronic stress
- Optimize sleep
- Consider anti-inflammatory supplements as needed
Monitor and Adjust Pay attention to your body’s signals. If digestive symptoms persist, you may need additional testing or interventions like:
- Comprehensive stool testing
- SIBO breath testing
- Food sensitivity testing
- Work with a functional medicine practitioner
Special Considerations:
For Recurrent C. diff Infections: Consider fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which has 80-90% success rates (Quraishi et al., 2017). 🏥
For Persistent Yeast Overgrowth: May need antifungal treatment along with aggressive probiotic therapy.
For Continued Antibiotic Use: If you require ongoing antibiotics (like for Lyme disease or chronic infections), maximize protective strategies and work with a knowledgeable practitioner on mitigation.
The Timeline: How Long Does Recovery Take? ⏰
Microbiome recovery is highly individual, but here’s what research suggests:
- Immediate impacts: Bacterial populations begin shifting within 24-48 hours of finishing antibiotics
- 2-4 weeks: Initial recolonization by beneficial species (with support)
- 1-3 months: Significant improvements in diversity and function
- 6-12 months: Microbiome composition stabilizes in a new equilibrium
- Years: Some bacterial species may never return without intervention
The sobering reality? Without active intervention, some people’s microbiomes never fully recover. One study found that two years after antibiotic treatment, participants still showed incomplete recovery (Zaura et al., 2015). 😰
This is why proactive restoration is so critical—don’t wait and hope your gut will heal on its own!
The Bigger Picture: Antibiotic Resistance and Your Microbiome 🌍
Beyond individual health impacts, antibiotic overuse creates antibiotic-resistant bacteria—both in the environment and in your gut. Your microbiome becomes a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred between bacteria.
This means:
- Future infections may be harder to treat
- You’re potentially harboring and spreading resistant bacteria
- The effectiveness of antibiotics for everyone is compromised
Using antibiotics wisely protects not just your microbiome, but public health as well. 💪
The Bottom Line: Antibiotics’ Hidden Cost 💭
Antibiotics are life-saving medications that have an essential place in modern medicine. However, their overuse and the lack of attention to microbiome restoration afterward is creating an epidemic of chronic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disease.
The connection between antibiotics and chronic inflammation is clear:
- Antibiotics devastate beneficial gut bacteria 💥
- Dysbiosis triggers intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation
- Immune dysregulation leads to chronic disease
- Effects can persist for years without intervention
But here’s the empowering truth: you can take control of your gut health and reverse antibiotic-induced damage. By understanding the mechanisms, making informed decisions about antibiotic use, and implementing comprehensive restoration protocols, you can rebuild a thriving microbiome and reduce chronic inflammation. 🌱
Remember, as we’ve explored throughout our digestive health series, your gut health is the foundation of your overall wellbeing. Protecting and restoring your microbiome after antibiotic exposure isn’t optional—it’s essential for long-term health.
If you’ve taken antibiotics recently or struggle with chronic health issues that began after antibiotic use, don’t wait. Start supporting your gut today. Your immune system, your metabolism, your brain, and your entire body will thank you! 🙏✨
Medical Disclaimer: This article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. The information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health condition or disease. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medication regimen, including discontinuing NSAIDs or starting new supplements. Never stop taking prescribed medications without professional medical supervision. Individual health conditions vary, and what works for one person may not be appropriate for another.
🌿 More Gut-Health Resources
Explore more evidence-based guides on gut health, inflammation, and functional medicine:
• 7 Signs Your Gut Needs Healing and Why Your Body Won’t Bounce Back: The Hidden Gut Health Connection
• SIBO vs. SIFO: Understanding Small Intestinal Overgrowth (And Why It Matters for Your Gut Healing)
• The Autoimmune–Gut Connection: How to Heal the Root Cause and Break the Cycle
• Healing Leaky Gut: Myths vs. Science (What Actually Works)
References
Aversa, Z., Atkinson, E. J., Schafer, M. J., Theiler, R. N., Rocca, W. A., Blaser, M. J., & LeBrasseur, N. K. (2021). Association of infant antibiotic exposure with childhood health outcomes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 96(1), 66-77.
Brown, K. A., Khanafer, N., Daneman, N., & Fisman, D. N. (2013). Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(5), 2326-2332.
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., … & Burcelin, R. (2007). Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 56(7), 1761-1772.
Dethlefsen, L., & Relman, D. A. (2011). Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 1), 4554-4561.
Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Hersh, A. L., Shapiro, D. J., Bartoces, M., Enns, E. A., File Jr, T. M., … & Hicks, L. A. (2016). Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010-2011. JAMA, 315(17), 1864-1873.
Goldenberg, J. Z., Lytvyn, L., Steurich, J., Parkin, P., Mahant, S., & Johnston, B. C. (2015). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD004827.
Hicks, L. A., Bartoces, M. G., Roberts, R. M., Suda, K. J., Hunkler, R. J., Taylor Jr, T. H., & Schrag, S. J. (2015). US outpatient antibiotic prescribing variation according to geography, patient population, and provider specialty in 2011. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(9), 1308-1316.
Jernberg, C., Löfmark, S., Edlund, C., & Jansson, J. K. (2007). Long-term ecological impacts of antibiotic administration on the human intestinal microbiota. The ISME Journal, 1(1), 56-66.
Parada Venegas, D., De la Fuente, M. K., Landskron, G., González, M. J., Quera, R., Dijkstra, G., … & Hermoso, M. A. (2019). Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 277.
Quraishi, M. N., Widlak, M., Bhala, N., Moore, D., Price, M., Sharma, N., & Iqbal, T. H. (2017). Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 46(5), 479-493.
Russell, S. L., Gold, M. J., Hartmann, M., Willing, B. P., Thorson, L., Wlodarska, M., … & Finlay, B. B. (2012). Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma. EMBO Reports, 13(5), 440-447.
Sokol, H., Pigneur, B., Watterlot, L., Lakhdari, O., Bermúdez-Humarán, L. G., Gratadoux, J. J., … & Langella, P. (2008). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(43), 16731-16736.
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