Excessive Burping: 11 Causes & What Your Body Is Telling You

ByDailinn

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. The information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health condition or disease. Both histamine intolerance and SIBO require proper medical diagnosis and treatment. If you experience severe symptoms, difficulty breathing, anaphylaxis, or persistent digestive issues, seek immediate medical attention. Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting new treatments or dietary protocols. Individual health needs vary, and recommendations should be tailored to your specific situation by a qualified healthcare professional.

You burp constantly. All day long. After eating, between meals, even when you haven’t eaten anything. Loud, embarrassing burps that interrupt conversations and make you avoid social situations. You try to hold them in, but they force their way out. People notice. You’re mortified. 😳💨

Burping isn’t just annoying—it’s exhausting. You’re constantly self-conscious. You’ve tried everything: eating slower, avoiding carbonation, chewing gum (which makes it worse!). Nothing helps. And you have no idea what’s causing it or how to make it stop. 😰

Here’s the truth: Excessive burping always has a cause—and in most cases, it’s treatable once you identify what’s driving it. Let’s explore the 11 hidden causes of chronic burping and how to finally get relief. 💚✨

Understanding Normal vs. Excessive Burping 🎈

First, let’s distinguish between normal and problematic:

Normal Burping:

  • Occasional (few times per day)
  • After eating/drinking
  • After carbonated beverages
  • Releases swallowed air
  • No accompanying symptoms
  • Doesn’t interfere with life

Excessive Burping:

  • Frequent (10-20+ times per day)
  • Happens even without eating
  • Constant throughout day
  • Loud, forceful, uncontrollable
  • Accompanied by bloating, discomfort
  • Socially embarrassing
  • Interferes with work, relationships, activities

What Causes Burping:

  • Swallowed air (aerophagia)
  • Gas produced in stomach/intestines
  • Stomach acid and digestive processes
  • Gut motility issues

As we discussed in our comprehensive guide to digestive issues, when burping becomes chronic and excessive, it signals underlying digestive dysfunction that needs attention. 🚨

Cause #1: Aerophagia (Swallowing Too Much Air) 💨

This is THE most common cause of excessive burping—and most people don’t even realize they’re doing it!

How Air Swallowing Causes Burping:

Normal vs. Excessive:

  • Everyone swallows small amounts of air
  • Excessive air swallowing = continuous burping
  • Air goes down, must come back up
  • Creates burping cycle

Common Triggers:

  • Eating or drinking too fast
  • Talking while eating
  • Chewing gum constantly
  • Smoking
  • Drinking through straws
  • Mouth breathing
  • Anxiety (unconsciously swallowing air)
  • Nervous habits (swallowing repeatedly)

Anxiety Connection:

  • Stress and anxiety increase air swallowing
  • People unconsciously gulp air when anxious
  • Creates vicious cycle: anxiety → air swallowing → burping → more anxiety

Signs Aerophagia Is the Problem:

  • Burping immediately after eating
  • Burping increases when stressed or anxious 😰
  • You eat quickly
  • You chew gum frequently
  • You talk a lot while eating
  • Burping improves when you eat alone/slowly
  • Sometimes accompanied by bloating

Solution:

Eat Mindfully:

  • Chew each bite 20-30 times 🦷
  • Put utensils down between bites
  • Take 20-30 minutes per meal minimum
  • Don’t talk excessively while eating
  • Eat in relaxed environment

Eliminate Air Triggers:

  • No chewing gum (major trigger!)
  • No drinking through straws
  • No carbonated beverages
  • Avoid tight clothing (increases pressure)
  • Don’t gulp drinks
  • Sip slowly

Breathe Through Nose:

  • Mouth breathing increases air swallowing
  • Practice nasal breathing
  • Address any nasal congestion

Manage Anxiety:

  • Identify if anxiety triggers burping
  • Meditation, breathing exercises 🧘‍♀️
  • Therapy if needed
  • Address root causes of stress

Timeline: Most people see 50-70% reduction in burping within 1-2 weeks of mindful eating and eliminating triggers.

Cause #2: Low Stomach Acid (Hypochlorhydria) 🔬

Counterintuitively, LOW stomach acid causes excessive burping—not high acid.

How Low Stomach Acid Causes Burping:

Incomplete Digestion:

  • Without adequate acid, food doesn’t break down
  • Food ferments in stomach
  • Fermentation produces gas
  • Gas = burping

Bacterial Overgrowth in Stomach:

  • Stomach acid normally kills bacteria
  • Low acid = bacteria survive and multiply
  • H. pylori can overgrow
  • Bacteria produce gas = burping

Delayed Gastric Emptying:

  • Food sits in stomach too long
  • More time for fermentation
  • More gas production
  • Constant burping

As we covered extensively in our article about low stomach acid and anxiety, inadequate stomach acid creates cascading digestive problems—and excessive burping is often one of the first symptoms. 😓

Signs Low Stomach Acid Is the Problem:

  • Burping shortly after eating (especially protein meals)
  • Feeling overly full after eating
  • Bloating immediately after meals 💨
  • Undigested food in stool
  • Multiple food sensitivities
  • Weak, brittle nails
  • Thinning hair
  • Fatigue and weakness

Solution:

Increase Stomach Acid:

  • Apple cider vinegar: 1-2 tbsp in water before meals 🍎
  • Digestive bitters: 15-20 minutes before eating
  • Betaine HCL with pepsin: Start with 1 capsule with protein meals
    • Increase gradually if no burning sensation
    • Typical dose: 2-5 capsules per meal
  • Lemon water: Upon waking

Support Natural Acid Production:

  • Eat in relaxed state (stress suppresses acid)
  • Chew food thoroughly
  • Limit water with meals
  • Address chronic stress
  • Adequate zinc intake

Important: If you’re on PPIs (proton pump inhibitors), read our article about long-term PPI use and gut damage—these medications suppress acid and virtually guarantee burping. 💊

Cause #3: SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) 🦠

SIBO creates massive amounts of gas—which comes out as both burping and flatulence.

How SIBO Causes Burping:

Bacterial Fermentation:

  • Bacteria overgrow in small intestine
  • Ferment everything you eat
  • Produce hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide gas
  • Gas travels up (burping) and down (flatulence)
  • Happens within 30 minutes to 2 hours of eating

Upper GI SIBO:

  • When bacteria are in upper small intestine or stomach
  • Gas produced closer to esophagus
  • More likely to come out as burps

Constant Gas Production:

  • Bacteria work 24/7
  • Even between meals (fermenting residual food)
  • Creates all-day burping pattern

As we explored in our comparison of histamine intolerance vs SIBO, SIBO creates widespread digestive dysfunction—and excessive burping is one of the most socially distressing symptoms. 🦠

Signs SIBO Is the Problem:

  • Burping PLUS severe bloating (look “pregnant” by evening) 💨
  • Burping 30 min – 2 hours after eating
  • Gas and flatulence
  • Diarrhea, constipation, or alternating
  • Food sensitivities (especially carbs, fiber, FODMAPs)
  • Brain fog and fatigue
  • Symptoms worse with prebiotics or probiotics
  • Weight loss despite eating

Solution:

Testing:

  • SIBO breath test (hydrogen and methane)
  • Measures bacterial overgrowth
  • Available through doctors or at-home kits

Treatment:

  • Antimicrobial herbs: Berberine, oregano oil, neem, allicin
  • Prescription antibiotics: Rifaximin, neomycin
  • Low-FODMAP diet during treatment
  • Prokinetics after treatment (prevent recurrence)
  • Address root causes (low stomach acid, stress, etc.)

Timeline: Most people see dramatic reduction in burping within 2-4 weeks of starting SIBO treatment.

Cause #4: GERD/Acid Reflux 🔥

Gastroesophageal reflux disease creates excessive burping as a symptom.

How GERD Causes Burping:

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Dysfunction:

  • LES doesn’t close properly
  • Allows acid and gas to reflux up
  • Gas escapes = burping
  • Often accompanied by heartburn

Hiatal Hernia:

  • Portion of stomach pushes through diaphragm
  • Creates constant reflux
  • Gas trapped in hernia
  • Frequent burping to release pressure

Delayed Gastric Emptying:

  • Stomach doesn’t empty properly
  • Food and gas accumulate
  • Pressure builds
  • Burping provides temporary relief

Signs GERD Is the Problem:

  • Burping with heartburn or burning sensation 🔥
  • Worse when lying down or bending over
  • Sour or bitter taste in mouth
  • Chest discomfort
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Chronic cough or sore throat
  • Worse after large meals or trigger foods

Solution:

Lifestyle Modifications:

  • Elevate head of bed 6-8 inches
  • Don’t eat 3-4 hours before bed
  • Avoid trigger foods (spicy, fatty, acidic, chocolate, caffeine)
  • Smaller, more frequent meals
  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Don’t wear tight clothing

Natural Support:

  • DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice): 380-760mg before meals
  • Aloe vera juice: 2-4 oz before meals
  • Slippery elm: Soothes esophagus
  • Digestive enzymes: Help food digest faster

Medical Treatment:

  • H2 blockers (Pepcid, Zantac)
  • PPIs (Prilosec, Nexium) – short-term only
  • Surgery if severe (Nissen fundoplication)

Important: Address root causes (low stomach acid, hiatal hernia, obesity) rather than just suppressing acid long-term.

Cause #5: Food Intolerances 🥛

Certain foods trigger excessive gas production—resulting in burping.

Common Trigger Foods:

Lactose (Dairy):

  • Can’t digest milk sugar
  • Ferments in gut
  • Produces gas = burping and bloating

FODMAPs:

  • Fermentable carbohydrates
  • Onions, garlic, beans, wheat, certain fruits
  • Create excessive gas
  • Burping within 1-3 hours of eating

Gluten:

  • Celiac or non-celiac sensitivity
  • Creates inflammation and gas
  • Burping after gluten-containing foods

Fructose:

  • Found in fruits, honey, high-fructose corn syrup
  • Malabsorption = fermentation = gas

As we explored in our article about bloating from healthy foods, food intolerances create excessive gas production—and burping is often the most noticeable symptom. 🥗

Signs Food Intolerance Is the Problem:

  • Burping 30 min – 3 hours after eating specific foods
  • Accompanied by bloating and gas 💨
  • Can identify patterns with food diary
  • Diarrhea or loose stools
  • Cramping
  • Symptoms improve when avoiding trigger foods

Solution:

Elimination Diet:

  • Remove common triggers for 3-4 weeks:
    • Dairy
    • Gluten
    • FODMAPs
    • Beans/legumes
  • Reintroduce one at a time
  • Track burping and symptoms
  • Identify YOUR specific triggers

Testing:

  • Lactose breath test
  • Fructose breath test
  • Celiac panel
  • IgG food sensitivity panel (controversial but can guide)

Digestive Support:

  • Lactase enzyme (if lactose intolerant)
  • Alpha-galactosidase (Beano – for beans)
  • Comprehensive digestive enzymes

Cause #6: H. Pylori Infection 🦠

This bacterial infection lives in your stomach and causes excessive burping.

How H. Pylori Causes Burping:

Bacterial Waste Products:

  • H. pylori produces ammonia and other gases
  • Neutralizes stomach acid (so bacteria can survive)
  • Creates excessive gas = burping

Inflammation:

  • Damages stomach lining
  • Creates gastritis
  • Impairs digestion
  • More fermentation = more gas

Delayed Emptying:

  • Infection affects stomach motility
  • Food sits longer
  • Fermentation increases
  • Burping results

Signs H. Pylori Is the Problem:

  • Persistent burping (doesn’t improve with dietary changes)
  • Upper abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Nausea (especially morning)
  • Loss of appetite
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Bloating after meals
  • May have history of ulcers

Solution:

Testing:

  • Breath test (urea breath test)
  • Stool antigen test
  • Blood antibody test
  • Upper endoscopy with biopsy (most accurate)

Treatment:

  • “Triple therapy” or “quadruple therapy” antibiotics
  • Usually 10-14 days
  • 80-90% eradication rate
  • May need retreatment if initial fails

Natural Support (Adjunct, Not Replacement):

  • Mastic gum: 1-2g daily
  • Probiotics (especially Lactobacillus strains)
  • Sulforaphane (from broccoli sprouts)
  • Can support but not replace antibiotics

Cause #7: Gastroparesis (Slow Stomach Emptying) 🐌

When your stomach empties too slowly, food ferments—creating excessive gas and burping.

How Gastroparesis Causes Burping:

Delayed Emptying:

  • Food sits in stomach for hours
  • Extended fermentation time
  • Massive gas production
  • Constant burping to release pressure

Causes of Gastroparesis:

  • Diabetes (damages vagus nerve)
  • Post-viral (COVID-19, Epstein-Barr)
  • Medications
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Autoimmune conditions

Signs Gastroparesis Is the Problem:

  • Severe, constant burping (especially after eating)
  • Feeling full after just a few bites
  • Nausea, especially after meals
  • Vomiting undigested food hours later
  • Severe bloating in upper abdomen 💨
  • Weight loss
  • Blood sugar fluctuations (if diabetic)

Solution:

Dietary Modifications:

  • Eat 5-6 small meals vs. 3 large
  • Low-fat, low-fiber initially
  • Pureed or liquid meals may help
  • Avoid carbonated beverages
  • Stay upright after eating

Prokinetics (Improve Motility):

  • Ginger: 1-2g daily 🫚
  • Iberogast: Herbal prokinetic
  • Prescription: Metoclopramide (Reglan), domperidone

Medical Evaluation:

  • Gastric emptying study (confirms diagnosis)
  • Treat underlying cause (optimize blood sugar, thyroid, etc.)

Cause #8: Supragastric Belching (Behavioral) 🧠

This is a learned habit where you unconsciously pull air into esophagus and immediately burp it out.

How Supragastric Belching Works:

Not Normal Burping:

  • Air doesn’t reach stomach
  • Air pulled into esophagus
  • Immediately expelled
  • Can happen 10-20+ times per minute!

Often Subconscious:

  • Learned habit
  • Triggered by stress or anxiety
  • Creates relief sensation
  • Reinforces behavior

Diagnosis:

  • Can be seen on esophageal impedance testing
  • Characteristic pattern
  • Air goes down then immediately up

Signs Supragastric Belching Is the Problem:

  • VERY frequent burping (many times per minute)
  • Happens in clusters
  • Doesn’t happen during sleep
  • Worse during stress or while awake
  • Little or no bloating
  • No response to dietary changes or acid reduction
  • Often have anxiety or stress

Solution:

Behavioral Therapy:

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  • Speech therapy (teaches proper swallowing)
  • Diaphragmatic breathing retraining
  • Biofeedback

Awareness Training:

  • Become conscious of the habit
  • Identify triggers
  • Practice alternative responses
  • Breathing exercises instead of burping

Stress Management:

  • Address underlying anxiety
  • Meditation, yoga 🧘‍♀️
  • Therapy
  • Relaxation techniques

Timeline: With behavioral therapy, most people see 50-70% improvement within 4-8 weeks.

Cause #9: Carbonated Beverages 🥤

This seems obvious, but many people don’t realize HOW MUCH carbonation affects burping.

How Carbonation Causes Burping:

CO2 in Drinks:

  • Soda, sparkling water, beer
  • Carbon dioxide gas dissolves in liquid
  • Once in stomach, CO2 is released
  • Has to come out = burping

Accumulated Effect:

  • Drinking carbonated beverages throughout day
  • Constant CO2 intake
  • Creates all-day burping pattern

Signs Carbonation Is the Problem:

  • Burping correlates with drinking carbonated beverages 🥤
  • Starts within minutes of drinking
  • Improves dramatically when avoiding carbonation
  • May not connect the dots (if drinking constantly)

Solution:

Eliminate Carbonation:

  • Stop all carbonated beverages for 1 week
  • See if burping improves
  • If yes = carbonation is your culprit

Alternatives:

  • Still water
  • Herbal tea
  • Flat water with lemon/lime
  • Non-carbonated beverages

If You Must Have Carbonation:

  • Limit to 1 drink per day
  • Drink slowly
  • Let some fizz dissipate first
  • Accept the burping

Cause #10: Medications 💊

Several medications cause or worsen burping as a side effect.

Common Culprit Medications:

Metformin (Diabetes Drug):

  • Very common side effect: burping
  • Often tastes like sulfur or rotten eggs
  • Can be intolerable for some

Acarbose (Diabetes Drug):

  • Slows carb digestion
  • Undigested carbs ferment
  • Excessive gas and burping

Pain Medications (Opioids):

  • Slow gut motility dramatically
  • Food ferments
  • Gas and burping result

Calcium/Iron Supplements:

  • Can cause burping, especially on empty stomach
  • Form of supplement matters

Solution:

Don’t Stop Medications Without Doctor Approval!

Strategies:

  • Ask doctor about alternatives
  • Adjust timing (take with food vs. empty stomach)
  • Try extended-release versions
  • Add digestive enzyme support
  • Probiotics may help

Cause #11: Functional Dyspepsia 🤕

This is chronic indigestion without clear structural cause—and burping is a hallmark symptom.

How Functional Dyspepsia Causes Burping:

Impaired Gastric Accommodation:

  • Stomach doesn’t relax properly to accommodate food
  • Creates pressure and discomfort
  • Burping provides relief

Visceral Hypersensitivity:

  • Increased sensitivity to normal stomach processes
  • Normal amounts of gas feel excessive
  • Triggers burping reflex

Gut-Brain Axis Dysfunction:

  • Stress and anxiety worsen symptoms
  • Creates cycle of discomfort → burping → anxiety → more symptoms

Signs Functional Dyspepsia Is the Problem:

  • Chronic burping (>3 months)
  • Upper abdominal discomfort or pain
  • Early satiety (feel full quickly)
  • Nausea
  • Testing shows no structural problems
  • Symptoms worse with stress

Solution:

Medications:

  • Prokinetics (metoclopramide, domperidone)
  • Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants
  • H2 blockers or PPIs (if reflux component)

Dietary:

  • Small, frequent meals
  • Avoid trigger foods
  • Low-fat diet
  • Limited caffeine and alcohol

Psychological:

  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  • Stress management 🧘‍♀️
  • Gut-directed hypnotherapy
  • Relaxation techniques

When to See a Doctor 🚨

Most excessive burping is annoying but not dangerous. However, see a doctor if:

Schedule Appointment If:

  • Burping persists for >2 weeks despite changes
  • Accompanied by weight loss (>10 lbs)
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Vomiting blood or coffee-ground material
  • Black, tarry stools
  • Persistent nausea or vomiting
  • New onset after age 50
  • Heartburn that doesn’t respond to treatment

Diagnostic Testing to Request 🔬

If excessive burping persists, ask for:

Basic Testing:

  • H. pylori testing (breath, stool, or blood)
  • Upper endoscopy (visualize stomach, esophagus)
  • SIBO breath test
  • Celiac panel
  • Comprehensive stool analysis

Advanced Testing (If Basic Normal):

  • Esophageal pH monitoring (measure acid)
  • Esophageal manometry (measure swallowing)
  • Gastric emptying study (check for gastroparesis)
  • High-resolution impedance monitoring (diagnose supragastric belching)

The Complete “Stop Burping” Protocol 🎯

Phase 1: Immediate Relief (Week 1-2)

Eating Modifications:

  • Eat slowly, mindfully (20-30 minutes per meal)
  • Chew thoroughly (20-30 times per bite) 🦷
  • Don’t talk while eating
  • Small, frequent meals
  • Sit upright for 1-2 hours after eating

Eliminate Triggers:

  • No chewing gum (major trigger!)
  • No carbonated beverages
  • No drinking through straws
  • Reduce caffeine and alcohol
  • Avoid tight clothing

Quick Relief:

  • Apple cider vinegar before meals
  • Ginger tea after meals 🫚
  • Peppermint tea (if no reflux)
  • Walk after eating (aids digestion)

Phase 2: Investigation (Week 2-6)

Identify Root Cause:

  • Keep detailed diary (food, stress, burping frequency)
  • Note patterns and triggers
  • Try elimination diet
  • Consider H. pylori testing

Medical Evaluation:

  • Schedule appointment if not improving
  • Request appropriate testing
  • Get proper diagnosis

Phase 3: Targeted Treatment (Week 6-12)

Based on Findings:

If Aerophagia: Mindful eating, stop gum/straws, anxiety management If Low Stomach Acid: HCL, bitters, digestive enzymes If SIBO: Antimicrobials, low-FODMAP, prokinetics If GERD: Lifestyle changes, natural support, medication if needed If Food Intolerance: Eliminate triggers, enzymes, healing If H. Pylori: Antibiotic treatment, then healing If Gastroparesis: Small meals, prokinetics, medical management If Supragastric: Behavioral therapy, breathing retraining If Medication: Work with doctor on alternatives

Phase 4: Maintenance (Month 4+)

Maintain Improvements:

  • Continue mindful eating (always!)
  • Manage stress daily
  • Avoid known triggers
  • Support digestive health
  • Address anxiety if contributing

The Bottom Line: You CAN Stop Burping 💚

Excessive burping is embarrassing and frustrating—but it’s NOT something you have to live with forever. In most cases, there’s an identifiable cause that can be treated. 🌟

Key Takeaways: ✨

✅ Excessive burping always has a cause ✅ Most common: aerophagia (air swallowing), low stomach acid, SIBO ✅ Mindful eating makes HUGE difference (chew slowly, no gum!) ✅ Carbonation is a major culprit ✅ H. pylori infection requires testing and treatment ✅ Some burping is behavioral (supragastric) and needs therapy ✅ Food intolerances create excessive gas = burping ✅ Most causes are treatable once identified ✅ With proper treatment, 70-90% improvement is typical ✅ You CAN have normal social interactions again

As we’ve explored throughout our comprehensive digestive health resources, excessive burping is your body’s way of signaling digestive dysfunction. Listen to the signal and address the root cause. 💪

You deserve to socialize without embarrassment, eat without fear, and live without constant self-consciousness. With the right approach, you can get there! 🙏✨

More Gut-Health Resources 📚

Explore more evidence-based guides on gut health, inflammation, and functional medicine:

• The Hidden Truth About Common Digestive Issues – Understanding warning signs your body can’t ignore

• Postbiotics: The Missing Link in Your Gut Healing Journey (And Why Your Probiotics Aren’t Working) – Discover the breakthrough in gut healing

• Why Your Body Won’t Bounce Back: The Hidden Gut Health Connection – How gut health affects recovery and resilience

• SIBO vs. SIFO: Understanding Small Intestinal Overgrowth and How to Heal It Naturally – Comprehensive guide to bacterial and fungal overgrowth

• The Autoimmune–Gut Connection: How to Heal the Root Cause and Break the Cycle – Understanding the gut-autoimmunity link

• Healing Leaky Gut: Myths vs. Science and What Actually Works – Evidence-based approach to intestinal permeability

• NSAIDs and Leaky Gut: Hidden Gut Damage from Common Pain Relievers – How ibuprofen and other NSAIDs harm your gut

• Long-Term PPI Use and Gut Damage: What Acid Blockers Really Do – The hidden dangers of prolonged acid suppression

• Antibiotics and Chronic Inflammation: How Microbiome Damage Triggers Disease – Understanding antibiotic aftermath on gut health

References

Bredenoord, A. J., Weusten, B. L., Timmer, R., & Smout, A. J. (2005). Relationships between air swallowing, intragastric air, belching and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 17(3), 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2004.00638.x

Hemmink, G. J., Ten Cate, L., Bredenoord, A. J., Timmer, R., Weusten, B. L., & Smout, A. J. (2010). Speech therapy as treatment for excessive supragastric belching. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 31(5), 595-602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04206.x

Klauser, A. G., Schindlbeck, N. E., & Müller-Lissner, S. A. (1990). Symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The Lancet, 335(8683), 205-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)90287-s

Pimentel, M., Saad, R. J., Long, M. D., & Rao, S. S. (2020). ACG clinical guideline: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000501

Talley, N. J., & Ford, A. C. (2015). Functional dyspepsia. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(19), 1853-1863. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1501505Tack, J., & Talley, N. J. (2013). Functional dyspepsia—symptoms, definitions and validity of the Rome III criteria. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 10(3), 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.14

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