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Medical Disclaimer: This article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. The information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health condition or disease. All medical conditions require proper medical diagnosis and treatment. If you experience severe symptoms, difficulty breathing, anaphylaxis, or persistent digestive issues, seek immediate medical attention. Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting new treatments or dietary protocols. Individual health needs vary, and recommendations should be tailored to your specific situation by a qualified healthcare professional.

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You finish using the bathroom and suddenly feel completely drained. Exhausted. Weak. Like you just ran a marathon instead of just having a bowel movement. You need to sit down, maybe even lie down. Your energy is completely gone. This happens every time—or at least most times—and you have no idea why. 😰💩

Your friends think you’re crazy when you mention it. Your doctor brushed it off. But this is REAL—you’re genuinely exhausted after pooping, and it’s affecting your life. You time bathroom trips around when you can rest afterward. You avoid going in public restrooms because you know you’ll feel wiped out. You need answers. 🤔

Here’s the truth: Post-bowel movement fatigue is more common than you think—and it always has a cause. Let’s explore the 10 reasons you feel exhausted after pooping and, most importantly, how to fix it. 💚✨

Understanding Post-Poop Fatigue 🚽

First, let’s clarify what we’re talking about:

Normal After Bowel Movement:

• Mild relief, satisfaction
• Brief relaxation (parasympathetic activation)
• Return to normal energy within minutes
• No significant fatigue

Abnormal Post-Poop Exhaustion:

• Profound tiredness, weakness
• Need to sit or lie down immediately
• Lasts 15-60+ minutes
• Sometimes sweating, dizziness, shakiness
• Happens regularly or every time
• Interferes with daily activities

This Is NOT Normal—And It’s Telling You Something! 🚨

As we discussed in our comprehensive guide to digestive issues, when bowel movements consistently leave you exhausted, your body is signaling an underlying issue that needs attention.

Cause #1: Vasovagal Response (The #1 Cause!) 🫀

This is THE most common reason for post-poop exhaustion—and most people have never heard of it!

How Vasovagal Response Causes Fatigue:

What Happens:

• Straining during bowel movement activates vagus nerve
• Vagus nerve triggers parasympathetic nervous system
• Heart rate drops suddenly
• Blood pressure drops
• Blood pools in legs
• Brain gets less oxygen = weakness, fatigue

Why It Causes Exhaustion:

• Sudden blood pressure drop (from straining)
• Reduced blood flow to brain
• Body needs time to recover and re-regulate
• Results in profound tiredness

More Common If:

• You strain significantly during bowel movements
• You’re constipated (more straining required)
• You hold your breath while pushing
• You sit on toilet for extended periods

Signs Vasovagal Response Is the Problem:

• Sudden weakness immediately after pooping
• Feel lightheaded or dizzy 🌀
• Sweating or feeling clammy
• Pale appearance
• Sometimes nausea
• Feel like you might faint
• Need to lie down immediately
• Happens especially after straining or difficult bowel movements

Solution:

Prevent Excessive Straining:

• Never strain hard! This is key
• Use proper toilet posture (squatty potty – elevate feet)
• Breathe normally (don’t hold breath)
• Don’t rush or force
• If difficult, stop and try later

Improve Bowel Movements:

• Address constipation (root cause of straining)
• Adequate fiber: 25-35g daily
• Magnesium citrate: 400-600mg at bedtime
• Stay hydrated: 8-10 glasses water daily
• Probiotics (especially Bifidobacterium)

If you’re constipated despite drinking water, check out our article about constipation despite adequate hydration—there are 9 hidden causes beyond water intake! 💧

During Bowel Movement:

• Sit with feet elevated (squatty potty style)
• Take deep, slow breaths
• Don’t strain forcefully
• Take your time (but don’t sit >10 minutes)

After Bowel Movement:

• Stand up slowly (give body time to adjust)
• Don’t rush off toilet
• Sit on edge of toilet for 30 seconds before standing
• If dizzy, sit back down immediately

Cause #2: Dehydration & Electrolyte Loss 💧

Bowel movements involve fluid loss—and if you’re already dehydrated, this can cause significant fatigue.

How Dehydration Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Fluid Loss:

• Normal stool contains water
• Diarrhea = significant fluid loss
• Even normal BMs use fluids
• Dehydration = fatigue, weakness

Electrolyte Imbalance:

• Sodium, potassium, magnesium lost in stool
• Electrolytes essential for energy
• Imbalance = profound tiredness
• Worse with diarrhea

Blood Volume:

• Dehydration reduces blood volume
• Less blood to brain
• Results in weakness, exhaustion

Signs Dehydration Is the Problem:

• Fatigue worse after diarrhea episodes 💩
• Dark yellow urine (concentrated)
• Dry mouth, lips
• Headache after bowel movements
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Rarely drink water throughout day
• Consume lots of caffeine or alcohol (dehydrating)

Solution:

Hydrate Adequately:

• 8-10 glasses water daily (minimum)
• More if diarrhea or loose stools
• Drink throughout day (not all at once)
• Urine should be pale yellow

Electrolyte Replacement:

• Coconut water (natural electrolytes) 🥥
• Electrolyte drinks (LMNT, Ultima, homemade)
• Bone broth (sodium, minerals) 🍲
• Add pinch of sea salt to water

Avoid Dehydrating Substances:

• Limit caffeine (diuretic)
• Limit alcohol
• Balance coffee with extra water

If Chronic Diarrhea:

• Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
• Pedialyte or similar
• Address underlying cause of diarrhea

Cause #3: Chronic Constipation & Straining 💩

Struggling with constipation creates exhaustion through multiple mechanisms.

How Constipation Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Physical Exertion:

• Constipation = hard, difficult stools
• Straining is physical work
• Uses significant energy
• Creates muscle fatigue

Vasovagal Amplification:

• More straining = stronger vagal response
• Greater blood pressure drop
• More profound fatigue

Chronic Energy Drain:

• Constipation itself is exhausting (toxic buildup)
• Bowel movement provides relief but depletes remaining energy
• Recovery takes longer

Poor Sleep:

• Constipation = discomfort = poor sleep
• Already low energy
• BM takes what little you have left

Signs Constipation Is the Problem:

• Hard, pellet-like stools 💩
• Straining required for every BM
• Fewer than 3 BMs per week
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Prolonged time on toilet (>10 minutes)
• Exhaustion proportional to difficulty of BM
• Relief afterward (pain/pressure gone) but extreme fatigue

Solution:

Address Constipation (Priority!):

• Magnesium citrate: 400-600mg at bedtime
• Increase fiber gradually (25-35g daily)
• Probiotics (Bifidobacterium strains especially)
• Adequate water (8-10 glasses daily)
• Vitamin C to bowel tolerance
• Prunes: 4-6 daily

Improve Gut Motility:

• Regular exercise (even walking helps!)
• Abdominal massage
• Yoga poses for digestion 🧘‍♀️
• Address thyroid issues (hypothyroidism causes constipation)
• Reduce stress (affects gut motility)

Proper Toilet Posture:

• Squatty potty or footstool
• Elevate knees above hips
• Lean forward slightly
• Breathe and relax (don’t strain!)

Cause #4: Anemia (Iron Deficiency) 🩸

If you have anemia, any physical exertion—including bowel movements—can cause profound fatigue.

How Anemia Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Reduced Oxygen Delivery:

• Anemia = low red blood cells or hemoglobin
• Less oxygen delivered to tissues
• Any activity depletes limited oxygen
• Results in immediate exhaustion

Bowel Movement = Physical Activity:

• Requires energy and oxygen
• With anemia, even small activities exhausting
• BM can trigger overwhelming fatigue

Common Causes of Anemia:

• Iron deficiency (heavy periods, poor absorption, blood loss)
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Folate deficiency
• Chronic disease
• GI bleeding (ulcers, hemorrhoids, IBD)

Signs Anemia Is the Problem:

• Fatigue after ANY physical activity (not just BMs)
• Pale skin, pale inner eyelids
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid heartbeat
• Cold hands and feet 🥶
• Dizziness
• Weakness throughout day
• Heavy menstrual periods (women)

Solution:

Testing:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Iron panel (ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation)
• Vitamin B12 and folate levels
• Comprehensive metabolic panel

Treatment Based on Type:

• Iron deficiency: Iron supplementation (ferrous bisglycinate best absorbed)
  • 25-50mg elemental iron daily
  • Take with vitamin C (improves absorption)
  • May take 2-3 months to replenish stores
• B12 deficiency: B12 supplementation or injections
• Folate deficiency: Folate/methylfolate supplementation

Address Underlying Cause:

• GI bleeding (ulcers, hemorrhoids)
• Heavy periods (hormonal treatment, IUD)
• Malabsorption (celiac, SIBO, low stomach acid)

Cause #5: Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia) 🍬

Blood sugar drops can cause sudden fatigue—and bowel movements can trigger them.

How Low Blood Sugar Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Energy Required for Digestion:

• Bowel movement uses energy
• If blood sugar already borderline low
• BM depletes remaining glucose
• Results in sudden exhaustion

Vasovagal + Hypoglycemia Combination:

• Vasovagal response drops blood pressure
• Low blood sugar reduces brain fuel
• Double whammy = severe fatigue

Morning BMs Especially:

• Fasting overnight
• Blood sugar lowest in morning
• Morning bowel movement hits when glucose depleted

Signs Low Blood Sugar Is Contributing:

• Fatigue worse with morning bowel movements
• Shaky, weak, trembling sensation
• Feel better after eating 🍎
• Haven’t eaten in several hours before BM
• Sweating, anxiety
• Irritability or mood changes
• Blood sugar issues (prediabetes, diabetes, reactive hypoglycemia)

Solution:

Stabilize Blood Sugar:

• Eat balanced meals (protein + fat + complex carbs)
• Don’t skip meals
• Avoid high-sugar foods (cause blood sugar swings)
• Eat every 3-4 hours
• Protein snack before bed (prevents morning lows)

Morning Strategy:

• Small snack before morning BM if possible
• Keep nuts or protein bar in bathroom
• Eat immediately after if exhausted
• Never have BM on completely empty stomach if prone to this

Long-Term:

• Address insulin resistance if present
• Reduce refined carbs and sugar
• Increase protein intake
• Regular meals at consistent times

Cause #6: Gut Infections & Dysbiosis 🦠

Chronic infections or imbalanced gut bacteria drain energy—BMs amplify this fatigue.

How Gut Issues Cause Post-Poop Fatigue:

Chronic Inflammation:

• Infections (parasites, C. diff, bacterial overgrowth)
• Create systemic inflammation
• Inflammation = profound fatigue
• BMs trigger more inflammation = more exhaustion

Toxin Release:

• Stool contains bacterial toxins
• SIBO, dysbiosis produce endotoxins
• Releasing toxins = immune response = fatigue

Malabsorption:

• Damaged gut can’t absorb nutrients
• Nutritional deficiencies develop
• Low energy baseline
• Any exertion (including BM) = exhaustion

As we explored in our article about antibiotics and chronic inflammation, gut infections and dysbiosis create cascading fatigue that affects every aspect of health—including post-bowel movement exhaustion. 🦠

Signs Gut Infection/Dysbiosis Is the Problem:

• Chronic diarrhea or loose stools
• Bloating and gas 💨
• Abdominal pain
• Mucus in stool
• Undigested food in stool
• Weight loss
• Fatigue throughout day (not just after BM)
• Recent antibiotic use
• Recent travel or food poisoning

Solution:

Testing:

• Comprehensive stool analysis (parasites, bacteria, yeast)
• SIBO breath test
• C. difficile test if recent antibiotics

Treatment Based on Findings:

• Parasites: Antiparasitic medications
• SIBO: Antimicrobial herbs or rifaximin
• C. diff: Specific antibiotics (vancomycin)
• Dysbiosis: Probiotics, prebiotics, gut healing

Gut Healing Protocol:

• L-glutamine: 5-10g daily
• Probiotics: Multi-strain, high-quality
• Bone broth or collagen 🍲
• Anti-inflammatory diet
• Address root causes

As we covered in our article about postbiotics, supporting your microbiome is essential for restoring normal energy levels and reducing post-BM fatigue. ✨

Cause #7: Adrenal Fatigue / HPA Axis Dysfunction 😫

Chronic stress depletes your body’s stress response system—making even small activities exhausting.

How Adrenal Issues Cause Post-Poop Fatigue:

Depleted Stress Response:

• Chronic stress = exhausted adrenals
• Can’t produce adequate cortisol
• Any physical stress (including BM) = exhaustion
• No reserves left to respond

Blood Pressure Regulation:

• Adrenals help regulate blood pressure
• Dysfunction = blood pressure dysregulation
• BM drops blood pressure further
• Can’t compensate = profound fatigue

Energy Production:

• Adrenals affect energy metabolism
• Dysfunction = chronic fatigue
• Any exertion depletes remaining energy

Signs Adrenal Dysfunction Is Contributing:

• Chronic, profound fatigue (not just after BMs)
• Difficulty waking up
• Need caffeine to function ☕
• “Crash” in afternoon (2-4 PM)
• Lightheadedness when standing
• Salt cravings
• Poor stress tolerance
• Anxiety or depression

Solution:

Support Adrenal Function:

• Adequate sleep: 7-9 hours (non-negotiable!)
• Stress management daily 🧘‍♀️
• Adaptogenic herbs:
  • Ashwagandha: 300-600mg daily
  • Rhodiola: 200-400mg morning
  • Holy basil: 300-500mg daily
• B-complex vitamins (support stress response)
• Vitamin C: 1-2g daily
• Magnesium: 400-500mg at bedtime

Lifestyle:

• Reduce commitments and obligations
• Set boundaries
• Regular gentle exercise (not intense!)
• Meditation, yoga, breathing exercises
• Address underlying stressors

Testing:

• Salivary cortisol (4-point throughout day)
• DHEA levels
• Comprehensive metabolic panel

Cause #8: POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) 🫀

POTS causes blood pressure and heart rate dysregulation—BMs can trigger symptoms.

How POTS Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Autonomic Dysfunction:

• POTS = dysautonomia
• Can’t regulate blood pressure properly
• Standing up after BM = blood pools in legs
• Brain doesn’t get enough blood = exhaustion

Straining Amplifies:

• Vagal activation from BM
• Combined with POTS dysfunction
• Creates severe orthostatic intolerance
• Profound fatigue, dizziness, weakness

Signs POTS Might Be the Problem:

• Dizziness when standing up (not just after BM)
• Rapid heartbeat upon standing 💓
• Feel worse in heat
• Chronic fatigue
• Brain fog
• Nausea
• Diagnosed with POTS or dysautonomia
• History of viral illness (COVID-19, EBV, etc.)

Solution:

Medical Evaluation:

• Tilt table test (diagnose POTS)
• Cardiologist or autonomic specialist
• Rule out other causes

Management:

• Increase salt intake: 6-10g daily (with doctor approval)
• Increase fluid intake: 2-3 liters daily
• Compression stockings (prevent blood pooling)
• Medications if severe (beta-blockers, fludrocortisone)

During/After BM:

• Stand up VERY slowly
• Sit on edge of toilet first
• Flex leg muscles before standing
• Stay sitting if dizzy
• Don’t rush

Cause #9: Medication Side Effects 💊

Several medications cause fatigue—BMs can amplify this effect.

Common Culprit Medications:

Blood Pressure Medications:

• Lower blood pressure
• BM drops it further
• Results in excessive fatigue

Opioids (Pain Medications):

• Cause constipation (straining = fatigue)
• Sedating effect
• Energy depletion

Antidepressants:

• Some cause fatigue as side effect
• Affect autonomic function
• BM can trigger exhaustion

Muscle Relaxants:

• Sedating
• Affect blood pressure
• Amplify vasovagal response

Solution:

Never Stop Medications Without Doctor Approval!

Strategies:

• Discuss with doctor
• Adjust dosage or timing
• Try alternative medications
• Address constipation if medication-induced

Cause #10: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 🔥

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis cause profound fatigue—BMs worsen it.

How IBD Causes Post-Poop Fatigue:

Chronic Inflammation:

• Systemic inflammation from IBD
• Creates baseline fatigue
• BM = increased inflammatory response
• Depletes remaining energy

Nutritional Deficiencies:

• IBD impairs absorption
• Anemia, B12 deficiency, malnutrition common
• Low nutrient stores = profound fatigue

Blood Loss:

• Bloody stools common in IBD
• Chronic blood loss = anemia
• Results in exhaustion

Frequent BMs:

• Multiple BMs daily
• Each one draining
• Cumulative exhaustion

Signs IBD Is the Problem:

• Chronic diarrhea (often bloody) 🩸
• Severe abdominal pain and cramping
• Weight loss
• Fatigue throughout day
• Multiple BMs daily (10-20+ in severe cases)
• Urgency
• Diagnosed with Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis

Solution:

Medical Management:

• Anti-inflammatory medications (5-ASAs)
• Immunosuppressants if severe
• Biologics (Humira, Remicade, etc.)
• Gastroenterologist care essential

Nutritional Support:

• Iron supplementation (if anemic)
• B12 injections (if deficient)
• Multivitamin/mineral
• Protein supplementation if malnourished

Dietary:

• IBD-specific diet (varies by person)
• Anti-inflammatory foods
• Avoid personal triggers
• Sometimes low-residue diet during flares

When to See a Doctor 🚨

Post-poop fatigue may seem minor, but it can signal serious issues.

See Doctor If:

• Exhaustion is severe or worsening
• Accompanied by dizziness, fainting
• Blood in stool 🩸
• Unexplained weight loss
• Chronic diarrhea or constipation
• Pale skin (possible anemia)
• Symptoms affecting quality of life

Go to ER If:

• Faint or nearly faint after BM
• Severe dizziness, can’t stand
• Chest pain
• Difficulty breathing
• Severe weakness that doesn’t resolve

Diagnostic Testing to Request 🔬

If post-poop exhaustion persists, ask for:

Basic Testing:

• Complete blood count (CBC) – check for anemia
• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Iron panel (ferritin, serum iron, TIBC)
• Vitamin B12 and folate
• Thyroid panel (TSH, Free T3, Free T4)
• Comprehensive stool analysis

Advanced Testing (If Basic Normal):

• Tilt table test (POTS)
• Salivary cortisol (4-point)
• SIBO breath test
• Colonoscopy (if bleeding, IBD suspected)
• Autonomic function testing

The Complete “Stop Post-Poop Fatigue” Protocol 🎯

Phase 1: Immediate Relief (Week 1-2)

Address Straining:

• Use squatty potty or footstool 🚽
• Never strain forcefully
• Breathe normally during BM
• Take your time, don’t rush

Hydration:

• Drink water throughout day
• Electrolyte drinks if needed
• Especially after BMs

Stand Slowly:

• Sit on edge of toilet 30 seconds before standing
• Stand slowly, hold onto something
• If dizzy, sit back down

Eat Before Morning BM:

• Small snack if possible
• Prevents low blood sugar
• Eat immediately after if exhausted

Phase 2: Investigation (Week 2-6)

Track Patterns:

• When is fatigue worst? (morning, after difficult BM, always)
• Other symptoms present?
• Dietary triggers?
• Keep detailed log

Medical Evaluation:

• Schedule doctor appointment
• Request appropriate testing
• Rule out anemia, thyroid, etc.

Phase 3: Targeted Treatment (Week 6-12)

Based on Findings:

If Vasovagal: Prevent straining, proper posture, stand slowly If Dehydration: Increase fluids, electrolytes If Constipation: Magnesium, fiber, probiotics, hydration If Anemia: Iron/B12 supplementation, treat underlying cause If Low Blood Sugar: Stabilize blood sugar, regular meals If Gut Infection: Antimicrobials, probiotics, gut healing If Adrenal Dysfunction: Adaptogens, stress management, sleep If POTS: Increase salt/fluids, compression, medications If Medications: Work with doctor on alternatives If IBD: Medical management, nutritional support

Universal Support:

• Address constipation (reduces straining)
• Stay hydrated always
• Eat balanced meals (prevent blood sugar drops)
• Manage stress daily 🧘‍♀️
• Adequate sleep (7-9 hours)

Phase 4: Maintenance (Month 4+)

Maintain Improvements:

• Continue successful strategies
• Proper toilet posture always
• Stay hydrated daily
• Regular meals
• Stress management
• Ongoing medical follow-up if needed

The Bottom Line: You Don’t Have to Accept This 💚

Post-poop exhaustion is NOT normal—but it IS treatable once you identify the cause. 🌟

Key Takeaways: ✨

✅ Vasovagal response is #1 cause (straining drops blood pressure) ✅ Dehydration and electrolyte loss contribute significantly ✅ Constipation makes everything worse ✅ Anemia is a common underlying cause ✅ Low blood sugar can trigger post-BM fatigue ✅ Gut infections drain energy systemically ✅ Chronic stress depletes adrenal function ✅ POTS and dysautonomia affect many people ✅ Proper testing identifies root cause ✅ Most causes are highly treatable!

As we’ve explored throughout our comprehensive digestive health resources, when your body consistently responds abnormally to normal functions like bowel movements, it’s signaling an underlying issue. Listen to it! 💪

You deserve to have a bowel movement and continue your day without needing to rest for an hour. With proper investigation and treatment, that’s absolutely achievable! 🙏✨

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More Gut-Health Resources 📚

Explore more evidence-based guides on gut health, inflammation, and functional medicine:

• The Hidden Truth About Common Digestive Issues  __https://vitalcellhealing.com/the-hidden-truth-about-common-digestive-issues-why-your-bloating-acid-reflux-and-ibs-symptoms-are-actually-warning-signs-your-body-cant-ignore/__

• Postbiotics: The Missing Link in Your Gut Healing Journey (And Why Your Probiotics Aren’t Working)  __https://vitalcellhealing.com/postbiotics-the-missing-link-in-your-gut-healing-journey-and-why-your-probiotics-arent-working/__

• Why Your Body Won’t Bounce Back: The Hidden Gut Health Connection  __https://vitalcellhealing.com/why-your-body-wont-bounce-back-the-hidden-gut-health-connection/__

• SIBO vs. SIFO: Understanding Small Intestinal Overgrowth and How to Heal It Naturally  https://vitalcellhealing.com/sibo-vs-sifo/

• The Autoimmune–Gut Connection: How to Heal the Root Cause and Break the Cycle  https://vitalcellhealing.com/autoimmune-gut-connection/

• Healing Leaky Gut: Myths vs. Science and What Actually Works  https://vitalcellhealing.com/healing-leaky-gut-myths-vs-science/

• NSAIDs and Leaky Gut: Hidden Gut Damage from Common Pain Relievers  https://vitalcellhealing.com/nsaids-and-leaky-gut/

• Long-Term PPI Use and Gut Damage: What Acid Blockers Really Do  https://vitalcellhealing.com/long-term-ppi-use-and-gut-damage/

• Antibiotics and Chronic Inflammation: How Microbiome Damage Triggers Disease  https://vitalcellhealing.com/antibiotics-and-chronic-inflammation/

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References

Freeman, R., Wieling, W., Axelrod, F. B., Benditt, D. G., Benarroch, E., Biaggioni, I., … & van Dijk, J. G. (2011). Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clinical Autonomic Research, 21(2), 69-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-011-0119-5

Rao, S. S., & Meduri, K. (2011). What is necessary to diagnose constipation? Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 25(1), 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2010.11.001

Wieling, W., Thijs, R. D., van Dijk, N., Wilde, A. A., Benditt, D. G., & van Dijk, J. G. (2009). Symptoms and signs of syncope: A review of the link between physiology and clinical clues. Brain, 132(10), 2630-2642. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp179

Wilson, J. L. (2001). Adrenal fatigue: The 21st century stress syndrome. Smart Publications.

Raj, S. R. (2013). Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Circulation, 127(23), 2336-2342. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.144501

Yamamoto, T., Nakahigashi, M., & Saniabadi, A. R. (2009). Review article: Diet and inflammatory bowel disease—epidemiology and treatment. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 30(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04035.x

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